Wellbore fluids for use downhole

ABSTRACT

A wellbore fluid may include a base fluid, and a ground weight material comprising barite and quartz and having a d 50  between about 4 and 8 microns and a d 90  between about 15-25 microns. The ground weight material of the wellbore fluid may have a specific gravity of less than or equal to about 4.2.

BACKGROUND

Wellbore fluids serve many important functions throughout the process indrilling for oil and gas. One such function is cooling and lubricatingthe drill bit as it grinds though the earth's crust. As the drill bitdescends, it generates “cuttings,” or small bits of stone, clay, shale,or sand. A wellbore fluid serves to transport these cuttings back up tothe earths surface. As drilling progresses, large sections of pipecalled “casings” are inserted into the well to line the borehole andprovide stability. One of skill in the art should appreciate theseuncased sections of the borehole, which are exposed to the highpressures of the reservoir, must be stabilized before casing can be set;otherwise, a reservoir “kick” or, in the extreme case, a “blowout”—acatastrophic, uncontrolled inflow of reservoir fluids into thewellbore—may occur. A wellbore fluid, if monitored properly, can providesufficient pressure stability to counter this inflow of reservoirfluids.

A critical property differentiating the effectiveness of variouswellbore fluids in achieving these functions is density, or mass perunit volume. The wellbore fluid must have sufficient density in order tocarry the cuttings to the surface. Density also contributes to thestability of the borehole by increasing the pressure exerted by thewellbore fluid onto the surface of the formation downhole. The column offluid in the borehole exerts a hydrostatic pressure (also known as ahead pressure) proportional to the depth of the hole and the density ofthe fluid. Therefore, one can stabilize the borehole and prevent theundesirable inflow of reservoir fluids by carefully monitoring thedensity of the wellbore fluid to ensure that an adequate amount ofhydrostatic pressure is maintained.

It has been long desired to increase the density of wellbore fluids,and, not surprisingly, a variety of methods exist. One method is addingdissolved salts such as sodium chloride, calcium chloride, and calciumbromide in the form of an aqueous brine to wellbore fluids. Anothermethod is adding inert, high-density particulates to wellbore fluids toform a suspension of increased density. These inert, high-densityparticulates often are referred to as “weighting agents” and typicallyinclude powdered minerals of barite, calcite, or hematite.

Naturally occurring barite (barium sulfate) has been utilized as aweighting agent in drilling fluids for many years. Drilling grade bariteis often produced from barium sulfate containing ores either from asingle source or by blending material from several sources. It maycontain additional materials other than barium sulfate mineral and thusmay vary in color from off-white to grey or red brown. The AmericanPetroleum Institute (API) has issued international standards to whichground barite must comply. These standards can be found in APISpecification 13A, Section 2.

SUMMARY

This summary is provided to introduce a selection of concepts that arefurther described below in the detailed description. This summary is notintended to identify key or essential features of the claimed subjectmatter, nor is it intended to be used as an aid in limiting the scope ofthe claimed subject matter.

In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a wellbore fluidthat includes a base fluid, and a ground weight material comprisingbarite and quartz and having a d₅₀ between about 4 and 8 microns and ad₉₀ between about 15-25 microns.

In another aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to a wellborefluid that includes a base fluid and a weight material, where the weightmaterial has a weight percent of quartz ranging between four (4) andtwelve (12) percent, and wherein the wellbore fluid has a viscosity ofat least 20 lbs/100 ft² between 30 and 100 rpm.

Other aspects and advantages of the claimed subject matter will beapparent from the following description and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an illustration of a pneumatic transfer device for thetransfer of finely ground weight material in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is an illustration of a pneumatic transfer device for thetransfer of finely ground weight material during use in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is an illustration of a pneumatic transfer device for thetransfer of finely ground weight material after use in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 4 is an illustration of a pneumatic transfer device for thetransfer of finely ground weight material in accordance with anembodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In one aspect, embodiments disclosed herein relate to methods fortransferring finely ground weight materials prior to their use in, amongother things, wellbore fluids. More specifically, embodiments disclosedherein relate to the transfer of finely ground barite prior to its usein, among other things, wellbore fluids. Additionally, embodimentsdisclosed herein relate to wellbore fluids containing the finely groundweight materials and methods for formulating and utilizing the samedownhole. The weight materials, also referred to as weighting agents,according to this disclosure may provide for the ability to use anappropriately weighted wellbore fluid that is thinner and less viscousduring wellbore operations than fluids formulated with conventionalweighting agents. These wellbore fluids may maintain excellentdispersion of the weighting agent therein and possess better sagproperties than fluids using conventionally sized weighting agents.Further, despite their smaller particle size distribution thanconventional weighting agents, weighting agents according to thisdisclosure may be efficiently transferred using pneumatic conveyancemethods allowing for extensive cost savings related to the reductions intime and man power required during their life-cycle from production totheir use in a wellbore fluid.

Weighting Agents

In the field, the term “weighting agent” or “weight material” may beused synonymously to refer to high-specific gravity solid material usedto increase density of a drilling mud or other wellbore fluid. Weightingagents may include, for example, barium sulphate (barite), calciumcarbonate, dolomite, ilmenite, hematite, olivine, siderite, andstrontium sulphate, or any other material known to one of ordinary skillin the art. Weighting agent is ground from a weight material ore, andthe weight material ore may include any of the above mentioned materialsas source materials. Additionally, unless the weight material ore ispurified or processed prior to its grinding, the weight material maycontain small amounts of other minerals that are present as inclusionsin the source ore. For example, barite ore may contain from about 0.5 to12 weight percent of quartz and the weighting agent resulting from itsgrinding may likewise contain a similar amount therein.

When grinding weighting agents, the smaller diameter particles are oftenreferred to as “fines” and typically include solid particles ranging insize from about 1 to 50 microns. However, those of ordinary skill in theart will appreciate that fines may also include weighting agents withdiameters of less than 1 micron. Furthermore, those of ordinary skill inthe art will appreciate that the selection of the particular weightingagent for a given drilling operation may depend on the density of thematerial that is desired. Other considerations may influence the choiceof a product such as cost, availability, power required for grinding,and residual effects on the wellbore.

It is known in the art that during the drilling process, weightingagents, as well as cuttings, can create sedimentation or “sag” that canlead to a multitude of well-related problems such as lost circulation,loss of well control, stuck pipe, and poor cement jobs. The sagphenomenon arises from the settling out of particles from the wellborefluid. This settling out causes significant localized variations in muddensity or “mud weight,” both higher and lower than the nominal ordesired mud weight. The phenomenon generally arises when the wellborefluid is circulating bottoms-up after a trip, logging, or casing run.Typically, light mud is followed by heavy mud in a bottoms-upcirculation.

Sag is influenced by a variety of factors related to operationalpractices or drilling fluid conditions such as: low-shear conditions,drillstring rotations, time, well design, drilling fluid formulation andproperties, and the mass of weighting agents. The sag phenomenon tendsto occur in deviated wells and is most severe in extended-reach wells.For drilling fluids utilizing particulate weighting agents, differentialsticking or a settling out of the particulate weighting agents on thelow side of the wellbore is known to occur.

Particle size and density determine the mass of the weighting agents,which in turn correlates to the degree of sag. Thus it follows thatlighter and finer particles, theoretically, will sag less. However, theconventional view is that reducing weighting agent particle size causesan undesirable increase in the fluid's viscosity, particularly itsplastic viscosity. Plastic viscosity is generally understood to be ameasure of the internal resistance to fluid flow that may beattributable to the amount, type or size of the solids present in agiven fluid. It has been theorized that this increase in plasticviscosity attributable to the reduction in particle size—and therebyincreasing the total particle surface area—is caused by a correspondingincrease in the volume of fluids, such as water or drilling fluid,adsorbed in the particle surfaces. Thus, particle sizes below 10 μm havebeen disfavored.

Because of the mass of the weighting agent, various additives are oftenincorporated to produce a theology sufficient to allow the wellborefluid to suspend the material without settlement or “sag” under eitherdynamic or static conditions. Such additives may include a gellingagent, such as bentonite for water-based fluid or organically modifiedbentonite for oil-based fluid. A balance exists between adding asufficient amount of gelling agent to increase the suspension of thefluid without also increasing the fluid viscosity resulting in reducedpumpability. One may also add a soluble polymer viscosifier such asxanthan gum to slow the rate of sedimentation of the weighting agent.

According to current API standards, particles having an effectivediameter less than 6 microns may make up no more than 30% by weight ofthe total weighting agent to be added to the drilling fluid. Thus, whileit is acceptable to have some fine particles in the weighting agent, ithas been conventionally preferred that the relative quantity of smallerparticles be minimized because it is thought that a reduction in thesize of particles in drilling fluids would lead to an undesirableincrease in viscosity.

Further, a significant impediment to the use of larger relative ratiosof fines in a drilling fluid relates to the post-production treatmentand transference of the fines. Generally, as fines are stored, they havea natural tendency to self-compact. Compaction occurs when the weight ofan overlying substance results in the reduction of porosity by forcingthe grains of the substance closer together, thus expelling fluids(e.g., air or water), from the interstitial spaces between the grains.However, when multiple substance fines are intermixed, compaction mayoccur when a more ductile fine deforms around a less ductile fine,thereby reducing porosity and resulting in compaction.

Because finely ground barite particles (d₉₀ between about 45-50 microns)have a tendency to self-compact during storage, subsequent transferenceof finely ground particles, as described above, poses problems tomanufacturers, transporters, and end users of the fines. See D. Geldart,D, Types of Gas Fluidization, Powder Technology, 7 1973 at 285-292.Typically, barite fines are stored and transported in large vessels inwhich compaction is a common occurrence. Frequently, barite finescompact within a vessel during transport such that when the fines areready to be unloaded, the fines have to be manually dug out of thevessel. The process of manually removing the fines is labor intensive,costly, and inefficient. Furthermore, because the vessels may be openlyexposed to the air, the barite fines as they are removed may result inbarite dust that may escape the vessel. As a result, a substantialportion of barite weighting agent may be lost during transference.

Typically, finely ground weight material (i.e., fines) are stored inlarge vessels during transportation from a manufacturing plant to adistribution center or drill site. Embodiments described below disclosemethods for transferring finely ground weight materials between vessels.Generally, finely ground weight material includes weight material suchas barite that is ground to a specified size, which may be reflected asa volume percent. For example, in certain embodiments, the specifiedsize of the finely ground weight material may be particles having a d₉₀value between about 15-25 microns, meaning that 90% of the particles (byvolume) making up the weighting agent have a size less than a valuebetween about 15-25 microns.

One of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that while a d₉₀ valuebetween about 15-25 microns may be desirable in certain weightingagents, other size ranges, in addition to or separately from the d₉₀value above, may also provide benefits in the present disclosure.Examples of other size ranges which may be used in some embodiments mayinclude finely ground weighting agents with a d₁₀ between about 0.75-1.5microns, or a d₂₅ between about 1.75 to 3 microns, or a d₅₀ betweenabout 4-8 microns, or a d₇₅ between about 12-14 microns, or a d₈₅between about 15-17 microns, or a d₉₅ between about 24-34 microns, or ad₉₈ between about 32-60 microns, or a d_(99.5) between about 48-120microns. In more particular embodiments, other size ranges for finelyground weighting agents may include a d₅₀ between about 5-7 microns, ora d₉₀ value between about 18-22 microns, or a d₉₈ between about 32-42microns, or a d_(99.5) between about 48-62 microns. However, those ofordinary skill in the art will realize that variations to the size ofground weighting agents may vary according to the requirements of acertain drilling fluid and/or drilling operation.

As discussed above, barite weighting agents that are ground from ore mayinclude significant amounts of quartz depending upon the geologyassociated with the source of the ore. Quartz has a higher hardnessvalue than barite and therefore the quartz that is included in theweighting agent will more readily resist being broken down during thegrinding processes subjected on the ore. This resistance to grindingresults in what is known as a “silica tail” in the particle sizedistribution of the ground weighting agent, meaning the tail end, orlarger size range of the particles, is often relatively highly populatedby the quartz particles. Thus, the average particle size of the quartzportion may be larger than the average particle size of the bariteportion of the weight material. In one or more embodiments, a baritebased weight material with the particle size distributions noted abovemay include about 4-12 weight percent of quartz therein, or in someembodiments may include about 5-10 or 5-7 weight percent of quartztherein. In some embodiments, if the barite ore does not contain anamount of quartz within the above range, quartz may be added in with theore prior to (or during) the grinding so that the amount of quartz inthe final weighting material may be in the ranges disclosed above. Inweighting materials including the above amounts of silica (quartz)therein, the resulting specific gravity (SG) of the weighting materialmay be less than or equal to about 4.2, in some embodiments about 4.1,because quartz has a lower value for specific gravity than barite.

Method of Pneumatically Transferring Weighting Agents

Referring initially to FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 together, a method oftransferring fines or finely ground weight materials in accordance withan embodiment of the present disclosure is shown. In this embodiment,pneumatic transfer system 100 including a pneumatic transfer vessel 101is shown holding a supply of fines 102 prior to transference. Pneumatictransfer vessel 101 may include an air inlet 103 and an air inletextension 104 to supply air to the vessel. Air inlet 103 may beconnected to an air supply device (e.g., an air compressor) (not shown)such that air may be directly injected into pneumatic transfer vessel101. Pneumatic transfer vessel 101 may further include a fines exit 105.

One of ordinary skill in the art will realize that different size andshape pneumatic transfer vessels 101 may be desirable for thetransference of different fines. Specifically, in one embodiment, it maybe desirable to use a tall and relatively narrow pneumatic transfervessel 101 so that air may be injected directly above a majority of thefines 102. In alternate embodiments, it may be desirable to use a shortand relatively wide pneumatic transfer vessel 101 so that the distancebetween the fines 102 and fines exit 105 is relatively small.

In the illustrated embodiment, air inlet extension 104 protrudes fromair inlet 103 into pneumatic transfer vessel 101 so that fines 102 arein close proximity to air inlet extension 104. By allowing air inletextension 104 to inject air in close proximity to fines 102, the air maybetter penetrate compacted fines 102 so that better dispersionthroughout pneumatic transfer vessel 101 occurs. As illustrated, airinlet extension 104 is of smaller diameter than air inlet 103. One ofordinary skill in the art will realize that by providing a smaller airinlet extension 104, the air may be focused on a smaller region ofpneumatic transfer vessel 101. In alternate embodiments a directionaldevice (not illustrated) may be attached to air inlet extension 104 soas to direct air to a specific region of pneumatic storage vessel 101.While not important in a small pneumatic transfer vessel 101, in a largevessel, wherein the diameter of air inlet extension 104 is substantiallysmaller than the diameter of pneumatic transfer vessel 101, the abilityto direct the flow of air may allow a greater percentage of compactedfines 102 to be transferred.

As air flows into air inlet 103 through air inlet extension 104 and intopneumatic transfer vessel 101, the air contacts compacted fines 102 andresults in aerated fines 106. Aerated fines 106 may flow up the sides ofpneumatic transfer vessel 101 and through fines exit 105, past the exitpoint and into a transfer line 107 connecting pneumatic transfer vessel101 and storage vessel 108. As air pressure increases in pneumatictransfer vessel 101, the transfer rate of aerated fines 106 may alsoincrease, thereby forcing aerated fines 106 through transfer line 107and into storage vessel 108. Storage vessel 108 may be any vesselcapable of holding fines. However, one of ordinary skill in the art willrealize that it may he desirable that storage vessel 108 is configuredto prevent aerated fines 106 from escaping the system. In oneembodiment, storage vessel 108 may include a sealed, vented system 110so as to trap aerated fines in storage vessel 108 while providing anescapes means for air, so that transference occurs.

Referring now to FIG. 3, a method of transferring fines or finely groundweight materials in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure is shown. As described relative to FIGS. 1 and 2, as aeratedfines 106 (of FIG. 2) are removed from transfer vessel 101 to storagevessel 108, the fines may settle as collected fines 109. Becausecollected fines 109 have undergone pneumatic transfer, such fines mayremain in a less compacted form than original fines 102 duringtransference and/or prior to use. Thus, removal of collected fines 109from storage vessel 108 may provide a more efficient process fortransferring collected fines 109 between storage vessel 108 and wherecollected fines 109 are used.

During transference of the fines from transfer vessel 101 to storagevessel 108, some of the aerated fines may not recollect as collectedfines 109. For example, some of the aerated fines may remain along theinner diameter of transfer vessel 101, in transfer line 107, or alongany other internal component of the pneumatic transfer system. Theefficiency of the pneumatic transfer may be represented by relating theweight of finely ground weight materials in the transfer vessel (i.e.,the initial vessel) to the weight of finely ground weight materialstransferred to the storage vessel (i.e. the destination vessel). In oneor more embodiments, the efficiency of the pneumatic transference may beat least 92%, or at least 95%, or at least 97% in some embodiments.

However, because the system may be configured to prevent aerated fines106 from escaping the system, even if not all of the aerated fines 106transfer from transfer vessel 101 to storage vessel 108, the finesremain in the system for further collection. Thus, a second pneumatictransfer cycle may be used to further transfer fines from transfervessel 101 or any other component of the system, and the same or adifferent storage vessel 108 from the initial pneumatic transfer. One ofordinary skill in the art will realize that any number of pneumatictransfers may be used to reduce the amount of residual fines left frompreceding transfers, thereby increasing the efficiency of suchtransference.

Now referring to FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 collectively, while transfer vessel101 has been described as a vessel wherein fines 102 are stored prior toshipping, it should be noted that methods in accordance with pneumatictransfer system 100 may be used to transfer fines 102 between anyvessels. For example, in one embodiment, a transfer vessel 101 mayinclude a collection vessel for product removed from the productionline. In an alternate embodiment, a transfer vessel 101 may include avessel holding fines 102 prior to use at a drilling location and/ordrilling fluid production facility. Thus, one of ordinary skill in theart will realize that the above described method for transferring fines102 may be useful anytime fines 102 are transferred between two vessels.

Referring now to FIG. 4, a device for transferring fines or finelyground weight materials in accordance with an embodiment of the presentdisclosure is shown, In view of the above, one of ordinary skill in theart will realize that systems in accordance with embodiments describedherein may include retroactive attachments to preexisting systems. Forexample, one embodiment of the present disclosure may include a systemusing multiple vessels already in use for the transference of fines. Insuch a preexisting system, a pneumatic transfer device including a meansfor injecting air into one of the vessels, thereby forcing the finesinto the second vessel, may be attached to one of the existing vessels.In such a system, a device including an air inlet 401, an air exit 402,and a fines exit 403 may be attached to a transfer vessel (not shown).

In this embodiment, air inlet 401 may be attached to any means forinjecting air, (e.g., an air compressor). One of ordinary skill in theart will realize that it may be preferable that the air injection device(not shown) allow the pressure of air injected into air inlet 401 to beadjustable. Depending on the compaction of the fines and the content offines additives, the air flow may be adjusted to provide the mostefficient level of aeration. In certain embodiments, it may be desirableto keep the air pressure at about 10-80 psi, and to more tailoredranges, such as about 60-80 psi, or at about 20-40 psi, or at about10-20 psi, depending on the type of vessel used in the conveyance.Specifically, a truck may convey at a lower pressure than a boat or rig,and both the truck and boat or rig may be at lower pressures than astorage silo. In one or more embodiments, the weight material of thepresent disclosure may be pneumatically conveyed at each of thesediscrete sub-ranges. One of ordinary skill in the art will realize thatapplying too high of a pressure to the fines may cause the fines tofurther pack-off thereby preventing the aeration necessary for thepneumatic transfer of the fines. However, depending on the volume of thestorage vessel, and the specifications of a given transfer operation,any pressure capable of aerating the fines in an efficient manner iswithin the scope of the present disclosure.

Still referring to FIG. 4, as air enters air inlet 401 at a specifiedpressure, internal piping (not shown) directs the air into air exit 402and into contact with the fines in the vessel. As described above, thefines may become aerated, and as such, may be forced upwardly(illustrated as “A”) through internal piping (not shown) wherefrom thefines may exit the vessel through fines exit 403. In one embodiment,fines exit 403 may be attached to a second vessel, while in alternateembodiments, fines exit 403 may be attached to production equipment usedin the production of, for example, drilling fluids.

Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the pneumatictransfer of fines may occur between varied aspects of a drillingoperation. In one embodiment, fines may be pneumatically transferredbetween a pneumatic vessel and a storage vessel. In other embodiments,fines may be pneumatically transferred between a plurality of pneumaticvessels, or between transportation vessels and storage and/or pneumatictransfer vessels. Exemplary transportation vessels include boats andbulk storage trucks as are known in the art. In still other aspects ofthe disclosure, fines may be transferred at a manufacturing facility, adrilling fluid production facility, and/or a drilling location. As such,the pneumatic transference of fines may occur on both land and offshoredrilling rigs.

In certain embodiments, the finely ground weight materials or fines maybe created at a manufacturing facility via appropriate grinding andprocessing operations and then pneumatically transferred to storagevessels. The storage vessels in such an embodiment may also be pneumaticvessels. Such pneumatic vessels may then be transported via atransportation vessel, such as a boat, to an offshore rig. Aftertransportation to an offshore rig, the fines may be pneumaticallytransferred to storage vessels on the offshore rig, such that the finesmay be used in mixing drilling fluids. In other embodiments, thetransportation vessel may include a bulk storage truck. In such anembodiment, the bulk storage truck may deliver the produced fines to aland-based rig or distribution site, such that the fines may bepneumatically transferred to storage containers at the rig ordistribution site, or otherwise the fines may be directly transferredfor use in mixing drilling fluids. In some embodiments, the storagecontainer may be a storage silo capable of storing over 250 tons ofweight materials. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciatethat any number of additional pneumatic transportations may occurringprior to adding the weighting agents to a drilling fluid.

Wellbore Fluid Formulation

In accordance with at least one embodiment, the weighting agentsdiscussed above may be used in a wellbore fluid formulation. Thus, inone or more embodiments, the weighting agents may be pneumaticallyconveyed at a drilling location where the particulates may besubsequently added to a base fluid for formulation into a wellborefluid. The wellbore fluid may be a water-based fluid or an oil-basedfluid, including an invert emulsion or a direct emulsion fluid.

Water-based wellbore fluids may have an aqueous fluid as the basesolvent and a particulate weighting agent as discussed above. Theaqueous fluid may include at least one of fresh water, sea water, brine,mixtures of water and water-soluble organic compounds and mixturesthereof. For example, the aqueous fluid may be formulated with mixturesof desired salts in fresh water. Such salts may include, but are notlimited to alkali metal chlorides, hydroxides, or carboxylates, forexample. In various embodiments of the drilling fluid disclosed herein,the brine may include seawater, aqueous solutions wherein the saltconcentration is less than that of sea water, or aqueous solutionswherein the salt concentration is greater than that of sea water. Saltsthat may be found in seawater include, but are not limited to, sodium,calcium, sulfur, aluminum, magnesium, potassium, strontium, silicon,lithium, and phosphorus salts of chlorides, bromides, carbonates,iodides, chlorates, bromates, formates, nitrates, oxides, and fluorides.Salts that may be incorporated in a given brine include any one or moreof those present in natural seawater or any other organic or inorganicdissolved salts. Additionally, brines that may be used in the drillingfluids disclosed herein may be natural or synthetic, with syntheticbrines tending to be much simpler in constitution. In one or moreembodiments, the density of the drilling fluid may be controlled byincreasing the salt concentration in the brine (up to saturation). Inparticular embodiments, a brine may include halide or carboxylate saltsof mono- or divalent cations of metals, such as cesium, potassium,calcium, zinc, and/or sodium.

The invert emulsion wellbore fluids may include an oleaginous continuousphase, a non-oleaginous discontinuous phase, and a weighting agent asdiscussed above. A direct emulsion may include a non-oleaginouscontinuous phase, an oleaginous discontinuous phase, and a weightingagent as discussed above. One of ordinary skill in the art wouldappreciate that the weighting agents described above may be modified inaccordance with the desired application. For example, modifications mayinclude the addition of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic dispersant to thesurface of the weighting agent prior to its formulation into a wellborefluid.

The oleaginous fluid may be a liquid and more specifically is a naturalor synthetic oil and more preferably the oleaginous fluid is selectedfrom the group including diesel oil; mineral oil; a synthetic oil, suchas hydrogenated and unhydrogenated olefins including poly(alpha-olefins)linear and branch olefins and the like, polydiorganosiloxanes,siloxanes, or organosiloxanes, esters of fatty acids, specificallystraight chain, branched and cyclical alkyl ethers of fatty acids,mixtures thereof and similar compounds known to one of skill in the art;and mixtures thereof. The concentration of the oleaginous fluid shouldbe sufficient so that an invert emulsion forms and may be less thanabout 99% by volume of the invert emulsion. In one embodiment, theamount of oleaginous fluid is from about 30% to about 95% by volume andmore preferably about 40% to about 90% by volume of the invert emulsionfluid. The oleaginous fluid, in one embodiment, may include at least 5%by volume of a material selected from the group including esters,ethers, acetals, dialkylcarbonates, hydrocarbons, and combinationsthereof.

The non-oleaginous fluid used in the formulation of the invert emulsionfluid disclosed herein is a liquid and may be an aqueous liquid. In oneembodiment, the non oleaginous liquid may be selected from the groupincluding sea water, a brine containing organic and/or inorganicdissolved salts, liquids containing water-miscible organic compounds andcombinations thereof. The amount of the non-oleaginous fluid istypically less than the theoretical limit needed for forming an invertemulsion. Thus, in one embodiment, the amount of non-oleaginous fluid isless that about 70% by volume and preferably from about 1% to about 70%by volume. In another embodiment, the non-oleaginous fluid is preferablyfrom about 5% to about 60% by volume of the invert emulsion fluid. Thefluid phase may include either an aqueous fluid or an oleaginous fluid,or mixtures thereof.

The fluids disclosed herein are especially useful in the drilling,completion and working over of subterranean oil and gas wells. Inparticular the fluids disclosed herein may find use in formulatingdrilling muds and completion fluids that allow for the easy and quickremoval of the filter cake. Such muds and fluids are especially usefulin the drilling of horizontal wells into hydrocarbon bearing formations.

Conventional methods can be used to prepare the drilling fluidsdisclosed herein in a manner analogous to those normally used, toprepare conventional water- and oil-based drilling fluids. In oneembodiment, a desired quantity of water-based fluid and a suitableamount of the weighting agent are mixed together and the remainingcomponents of the drilling fluid added sequentially with continuousmixing. In another embodiment, a desired quantity of oleaginous fluidsuch as a base oil, a non-oleaginous fluid and a suitable amount of theweighting agent are mixed together and the remaining components areadded sequentially with continuous mixing. An invert emulsion may beformed by vigorously agitating, mixing or shearing the oleaginous fluidand the non-oleaginous fluid.

Other additives that may be included in the wellbore fluids disclosedherein include for example, wetting agents, organophilic clays,viscosifiers fluid loss control agents, surfactants, dispersants,interfacial tension reducers, pH buffers, mutual solvents, thinners,thinning agents and cleaning agents. The addition of such agents shouldbe well known to one of ordinary skill in the art of formulatingdrilling fluids and muds.

Upon incorporation of the weighting agents of the present disclosure andother fluid components into a fluid, the wellbore fluids of the presentdisclosure may be formulated to have beneficial sag properties,including resistance to sag or minimal sag under both static and dynamicconditions. Specifically, a fluid of the present disclosure may have aviscosity between 12,000 and 20,000 cP at 0.17 s⁻¹ and 1,500 and 2,500cP at 1.7 s⁻³, which may indicate low potential for sag during staticconditions. Further, the fluid may also have a viscosity of at least 20lbs/100 ft² between 30 and 100 rpm, which may indicate low potential forsag during dynamic conditions. Additionally, the fluid may be able to beformulated to be thinner, i.e., with a reduced viscosity and withreduced sag potential for both dynamic and static conditions (as shownin the table below), as compared to conventional fluids with weightingagents having larger particle sizes. For example, whereas a conventionalfluid may have a low shear rate viscosity represented by the 6 rpm of arotational viscometer of 11-13 dial reading, a fluid according to thepresent disclosure may have a low shear viscosity rate represented bythe 6 rpm of a rotational viscometer of 7-10 dial reading.

API Barite Formulations Fluids with Finer PSD Barite Dial Reading @ 100rpm 26.2 23.3 23.1 17.0 15.7 25.2 Dial Reading @ 6 rpm 9.6 8.6 11.2 7.06.7 11 Viscosity 1 rpm (cP) 2056 1762 2878 1703 1644 2820 Viscosity 0.1rpm (cP) 14686 11749 11161 11748 15273 13511 VSST (ppg) 2.47 3.19 2.91.24 1.39 0.28

Methods of Drilling

During the drilling of a wellbore, various fluids are typically used inthe well for a variety of functions. The fluids may be circulatedthrough a drill pipe and drill bit into the wellbore, and then maysubsequently flow upward through wellbore to the surface. During thiscirculation, a drilling fluid may act to remove drill cuttings from thebottom of the hole to the surface, to suspend cuttings and weightingmaterial when circulation is interrupted, to control subsurfacepressures, to maintain the integrity of the wellbore until the wellsection is cased and cemented, to isolate the fluids from the formationby providing sufficient hydrostatic pressure to prevent the ingress offormation fluids into the wellbore, to cool and lubricate the drillstring and bit, and/or to maximize penetration rate. Other wellborefluids include completion fluids used in the wellbore following drillingoperations. Completion fluids broadly refer to any fluid pumped down awell after drilling operations have been completed, including fluidsintroduced during acidizing, perforating, fracturing, workoveroperations, the installation of sand screens, gravel packing, etc.

The wellbore fluids including the finely ground weight materialsdiscussed above may be circulated downhole during the drilling of awellbore. Further, and as discussed above, these wellbore fluids mayhave beneficial sag properties, including resistance to sag or minimalsag under both static and dynamic conditions that may be particularlybeneficial during a horizontal drilling operation.

EXAMPLES

To test the pneumatic transference of finely ground weight materialsaccording to the present disclosure, four tests were performed bytransferring finely ground weight materials between a pneumatic vesseland a storage vessel. In these tests, the pneumatic vessel was a truckcontaining over 20 tons of finely ground weight material therein. Thestorage vessel was a storage silo capable of containing roughly 300 tonsof finely ground weight material therein, and the truck had travelledroughly 300 miles from the production facility of the finely groundweight materials to the location of the storage vessel. Thus,significant compaction of the weight materials, as described above,occurred prior to the materials transference The pneumatic transferencewas performed using an air pressure of roughly 15 psi.

Although the size distributions of the weight materials may varyslightly from shipment to shipment, each of the examples generally havethe following characteristics: d₁₀<1.3 micron, d₂₅<3 micron, d₅₀<7micron, d₇₅<13 micron, d₈₅<17 micron, d₉₀<19 micron, d₉₅<24 microns,d₉₈<32 microns, and a d_(99.5)<48 microns. The results of thetransference examples are shown in Table 1 below.

TABLE 1 Amount Amount Transfer Example Delivered (lbs) Offloaded (lbs)Efficiency (%) Time (hr) 1 43920 42900 97.7 0.75 2 43000 42000 97.7 0.53 47560 45900 96.5 1.75 4 47780 47000 98.4 1.5

Although only a few example embodiments have been described in detailabove, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that manymodifications are possible in the example embodiments without materiallydeparting from this invention. Accordingly, all such modifications areintended to be included within the scope of this disclosure as definedin the following claims.

What is claimed:
 1. A wellbore fluid comprising: a base fluid; and abarite-based ground weight material ground from barite ore such that thebarite-based ground weight material comprises barite and quartz and hasa d₅₀ between about 4-8 microns and a d₉₀ between about 15-25 microns,wherein the quartz has a larger average particle size than the bariteand the barite-based ground weight material has a weight percent ofquartz of about 4-12 percent.
 2. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, whereinthe barite-based ground weight material has a specific gravity of lessthan or equal to about 4.2.
 3. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, whereinthe barite-based ground weight material has a weight percent of quartzranging between about 5-7 percent.
 4. The wellbore fluid of claim 1,wherein the barite-based ground weight material has a d₉₀ between about18-22 microns.
 5. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, wherein thebarite-based ground weight material has a d₅₀ between about 4-8 microns.6. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, wherein the barite-based ground weightmaterial has a d₇₅ between about 12-14 microns.
 7. The wellbore fluid ofclaim 1, wherein the barite-based ground weight material has a d₈₅between about 15-17 microns.
 8. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, whereinthe barite-based ground weight material has a d₉₅ between about 24-34microns.
 9. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, wherein the barite-basedground weight material has a d₉₈ between about 32-60 microns.
 10. Thewellbore fluid of claim 1, wherein the barite-based ground weightmaterial has a d₉₈ between about 32-60 microns.
 11. The wellbore fluidof claim 1, wherein the barite-based ground weight material has ad_(99.5) between about 48-120 microns.
 12. The wellbore fluid of claim1, wherein the base fluid is one selected from a water-based fluid, aninvert emulsion and a direct emulsion.
 13. The wellbore fluid of claim1, wherein the mixed wellbore fluid has a viscosity between about 12,000and 20,000 cP at 0.17 s⁻¹ and between about 1,500 and 2,500 cP at 1.7s⁻¹.
 14. The wellbore fluid of claim 1, wherein the mixed wellbore fluidhas a viscosity of at least 20 lbs/100 ft² between 30 and 100 rpm.
 15. Awellbore fluid comprising: a base fluid; and a barite-based weightmaterial ground from barite ore and comprising quartz, wherein theweight material has a weight percent of quartz ranging between 4-12percent, wherein the wellbore fluid has a viscosity of at least 20lbs/100 ft² between 30 and 100 rpm and a viscosity between about 12,000and 20,000 cP at 0.17 s⁻¹ and between about 1,500 and 2,500 cP at 1.7s⁻¹, and further wherein a particle size distribution of thebarite-based weight material has a larger size range of particlescomprising quartz particles.
 16. The wellbore fluid of claim 15, whereinthe barite-based weight material is selected from the group consistingof barium sulphate (barite), calcium carbonate, dolomite, ilmenite,hematite, olivine, siderite, and strontium sulphate.
 17. The wellborefluid of claim 15, wherein the barite-based weight material has aspecific gravity of less than or equal to about 4.2.
 18. The wellborefluid of claim 15, wherein the barite-based weight material has a d₅₀between about 4-8 microns and a d₉₀ between about 15-25 microns.